A Comparative Study of Geometric Principles in the Sulba Sutras and the Pythagorean Theorem: Historical Context and Mathematical Applications

Abstract

This research delves into the geometric principles detailed in the ancient Sulba Sutras and their parallels with the Pythagorean Theorem, traditionally attributed to the Greek mathematician Pythagoras. While the Pythagorean theorem is widely regarded as a cornerstone of Greek geometry, recent studies suggest that its formulation appeared centuries earlier in Indian mathematics, as evidenced in Baudhāyana’s Sulba Sutra (circa 800 BCE). These texts offer extensive insights into the geometric constructions used in Vedic rituals, including the use of Pythagorean triples and transformations between geometric shapes. The Sulba Sutras present a rich mathematical framework, emphasizing practical applications in altar construction, land measurements, and urban planning. This study aims to bridge the research gap by comparing the geometric developments in the Sulba Sutras with Greek formulations, particularly focusing on their mathematical methods, cultural contexts, and historical significance. The findings underscore the advanced state of Indian mathematics and its profound influence on subsequent mathematical traditions, offering a nuanced understanding of the parallel evolution of geometric knowledge across cultures.