Golden Ratio: Construction, Geometry, Beauty, and Diversity

Abstract

Nature is attractive due to the proper ratios of various components in them and in between others. In nature, leaves, flowers, fruits, Himalayas, hills, valleys, springs, rivers, etc. show a rhythmic balance and seem harmonic and aesthetically pleasing. The golden ratio or the golden (divine) proportion is considered the most pleasing to human visual sensation and is not limited only to aesthetic beauty but also found prominently in the natural world. It is an irrational number denoted by φ and is approximately 1.618034. It is a fascinating topic for mathematicians, artists, natural scientists, philosophers, biologists, artists, architects, musicians, psychologists, designers, etc.

This research work presents a panoramic view of the golden ratio; their construction algorithms, and structures; mathematical presentations, geometry, patterns, and properties from mathematical perspectives and opens the broad horizon for further research. Besides these, the paper also presents their existences, diversities, their relationships with nature, the universe, arts, design, architecture, and engineering in ancient and modern mathematics and sciences.