Cross-sectional study on prevalence of autism among toddlers, preschool and school-going children (1–12 years) attending pediatrics OPD at tertiary care hospital at Karur

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by difficulties in social communication and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. In India, ASD represents a significant health burden and early identification is crucial for improving outcomes.

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ASD in toddlers, preschoolers, and school-aged children (1–12 years).

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 245 children aged 1–12 years attending the pediatric outpatient department (OPD) at a tertiary care hospital in Karur. Screening for ASD was performed using the MCHAT and ISAA scoring.

Results: Of 245 patients, 53.5% were under 3 years of age, and 58.8% were male. The prevalence of autism was 6.1%, with higher rates observed among children over 3 years of age, and autism was more prevalent in males (8.3%) than females (3%). Significant associations were found for factors such as socioeconomic status, parental age, and screen time. Autism prevalence was higher in the upper socioeconomic classes, older mothers (21.9%), older fathers (12%), and children with a history of social or language delays. In addition, children using mobile phones or watching TV for >1 h daily had a higher prevalence of autism (P<0.0001). No significant associations were found between birth weight, neonatal factors, or breastfeeding status.

Conclusion: This study highlights the key factors associated with autism, such as parental age, developmental delays, and excessive screen time. These findings emphasize the need for early identification and intervention, particularly for children with developmental delays and those from families with a history of autism.