नेपालको राणाकालीन उच्चशिक्षा Higher Education during the Rana Era of Nepal

Abstract

शिक्षा जीवनपर्यन्त निरन्तर चलिरहने प्रकृया हो । सामान्यतः शिक्षाको अर्थ सिकाइ भन्ने हुन्छ । सिकाइ प्रकृति र समाजसँग समायोजन हुन जान्ने सिप सिकाउने प्रकृया हो । हरेक प्रणालीले यो संसारमा समायोजन भई जीवनयापन गर्न सामथ्र्यको विकास गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । मानिस बाहेक अन्य प्राणीहरुलाई वंशाणुगत गुण, जसलाई जन्मजात गुण भनिन्छ, त्यसको परिपक्कतासँगै हुने विकासले आफ्नो ब्यवहार चलाउन पुग्छ । तर मानिस सचेत प्राणी हो । जसको उच्चतम सचेत क्षमताको विकास आर्जित शिक्षाले मात्र गर्ने गर्दछ । आर्जित शिक्षामा पनि विश्वव्यापी मान्नेता प्राप्त संस्थागत शिक्षा, जसलाई औपचारिक शिक्षा भन्ने गरिन्छ । यही औपचारिक शिक्षाको उपल्लोतहलाई उच्च शिक्षा भन्ने गरिन्छ । कस्तो प्रकारको शिक्षालाई उच्च शिक्षा मान्ने, त्यसको स्तर निर्धारणको मापदण्ड र मूल्याङ्कनको आधार केलाई मान्ने भन्ने कुरा समय सापेक्ष बदलिदो देखिन्छ । संसारमा जसरी उच्च शिक्षाको विकास भैरहेको थियो नेपालमा पनि त्यसरी नै त्यही प्रकृयामा उच्च शिक्षाको विकास नभएको भए तापनि नेपाल उच्च शिक्षाको क्षेत्रमा अनविज्ञ थियो भन्न मिल्दैन । लिच्छविकाल र मल्लकालमा निर्माण गरिएका कलाकौशल, मठमन्दिर, पाटीपौवा, शिलालेख र इतिहासमा उल्लेखित मानगृह, कैलासकुट भवन र भद्राधिवास जस्ता दरबार र अन्य भवनहरुको निर्माण आजको उच्च इन्जिनियरिङ शिक्षाको समकक्षताको बलियो प्रमाण हो । नेपालमा औपचारिक उच्च शिक्षाको सुरुवात भने वि.सं.१९७५मा राणा प्रधानमन्त्री चन्द्र शमशेरले स्थापना गरेको त्रिभुवन चन्द्रशमशेर कलेज हालको त्रिचन्द्र क्याम्पस हो । वि.सं.२००७ सालसम्म आइपुग्दा नेपालमा यदाकदा विश्वविद्यालय स्थापना गर्ने कुरा चल्ने गरेको र सामान्य समिति गठन हुने बाहेक उच्च शिक्षा विकासमा खासै काम हुन सकेको देखिँदैन । वि.सं.२००७ सालसम्म नेपालमा जम्मा दुईवटा कलेजहरु मात्र स्थापना भएका थिए । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा त्यही वि.सं.२००७ सालभन्दा अगाडिको नेपालको उच्च शिक्षाको विकासको अवस्था बारे जानकारी दिने प्रयास गरिएको छ

Education is a lifelong process. Education generally means learning. Learning is the process of learning the skills to adapt to nature and society. Every system has to develop the ability to adapt and live in this world. Other than human beings, the hereditary qualities, which are called innate qualities, develop along with their maturity to control their behavior. But man is a conscious animal, whose highest conscious ability is developed only through acquiring education. Institutional education, which is known as formal education, is universally recognized in acquired education. This level of formal education is called higher education. What kind of education is considered as higher education, the standard of determining its level and what is considered as the basis of evaluation, seems to change over time. Even though higher education was not developed in the same way in the world as higher education was developing in Nepal, it cannot be said that Nepal was ignorant in the field of higher education. The construction of palaces and other buildings such as palaces, temples, Patipauwa, inscriptions and history mentions, Kailasakut Bhavan and Bhadradhivas are a strong evidence of the equivalence of today's higher engineering education. The beginning of formal higher education in Nepal is the Tribhuvan Chandra Shamsher College established by Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher in the year 1975. It is the present Trichandra Campus. By the year 2007 B.S., it seems that nothing much has been done in the development of higher education except for the establishment of a university in Nepal and the formation of a general committee. Till 2007 B.S., only two colleges were established in Nepal. In the present study, the same an attempt has been made to provide information about the state of development of higher education in Nepal prior to 2007 B. S.