Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Some Fish Species Available in Local Fish Markets of Kathmandu, Nepal

Authors

  • Garima Lo Tamang Department of Environmental Science, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Bijaya Adhikari Department of Environmental Science, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Mahesh Shrestha Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Achut Ram Pradhananga Department of Chemistry, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Bindra Devi Shakya Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Dipesh Raj Pant Department of Environmental Science, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Ramesh Kaji Shakya Department of Zoology, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Jasana Maharjan Department of Chemistry, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • Sudarshana Shakya Department of Botany, Bhaktapur Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bhaktapur, Nepal
  • Pawan Raj Shakya Department of Chemistry, Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v11i2.56121

Keywords:

Bioaccumulation, Fish species, Heavy metals, Health risk, Kathmandu

Abstract

In this study, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) in edible muscle tissues of a total of 25 fish samples belonging to five fish species viz., Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bighead), Wallago attu (Buhari), Catla catla (Catla), Clarias batrachus (Mugree), and Labeo rohita (Rohu) marketed in Kathmandu, Nepal and evaluated potential health risks for adults using USEPA deterministic approaches. The average metal accumulation in all fish species followed the order of Zn (27.89) > Mn (5.36) > Pb (2.37) > Cr (1.12) > Cd (0.44) mg/kg, exceeding the FAO/WHO guidelines except for Zn. Likewise, the sum of average metal concentrations (∑5HM) followed the descending order of C. catla (49.61) > C. batrachus (44.49) > W. attu (34.51)> H. nobilis (32.10) > L. rohita (25.18) mg/kg. The correlation matrix showed significant correlations among some HMs indicating their common sources of origin in the examined fish species. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of HMs were lower than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The target hazard quotients (THQs) of a single element in all fish species were less than 1.0 while the total target hazard quotients (TTHQs) in C. batrachus, C. catla, and H. nobilis exceeded the safe limit of 1.0 suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk. Moreover, the target cancer risks (TRs) of Cd and Cr were higher than the acceptable risk limit (10−4) in all fish species suggesting that their consumption might pose a lifetime cancer risk for adults. Therefore, the study recommends regular monitoring of HMs in commercial fish to ensure the safety of consumer health.

Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 11(2): 85-98.

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Published

2023-06-29

How to Cite

Tamang, G. L., Adhikari, B., Shrestha, M., Pradhananga, A. R., Shakya, B. D., Pant, D. R., Shakya, R. K., Maharjan, J., Shakya, S., & Shakya, P. R. (2023). Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Some Fish Species Available in Local Fish Markets of Kathmandu, Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 11(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v11i2.56121

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Research Articles: Biological Sciences

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Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

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